The French Revolution First Popularized The Words ...

Whereas the French Revolution first popularized the words ‘terrorist’ and ‘terrorism’, its contemporary understanding differs from its revolutionary meaning in 1794. The serious economic difficulties, the threat of foreign invasions and the social structure of the French government are some of the causes that led to the fall of the monarchy in August 1792. Left without a constitution for almost three years and at the hands of a revolutionary government, the reign of terror suggests an example to future states in oppressing their populations. The revolutionary government asserted its sovereignty and power through punitive violence, such as surveillance, mobilization, and executions. The massive political, economic, and social changes†¦show more content†¦His military ambitions and conception of international peace, notably in opposition to Britain, soon engender its downfall. By 1814, the Bourbon monarchy is restored despite its unpopularity among th e population. Within a generation, the desire to call for a revolution that once started in Paris reemerge. But this time, the revolution would not end there. Assassinations and European Revolutions From the 14th to the 19th century, European empires originate their authority from God and the ‘divine right of rule’. The French Revolution has undermined the legitimacy and sovereignty of European monarchies by injecting Universalist ideas through the continent. Small revolutionary groups progressively evolve disseminating radical political theories and politically awakening the regimes. The use of terrorism translates into two theoretical ideas: political identity and political philosophy. Thus, terrorism as a specific form of violence becomes systematically use for political and ideological aims. The resentment towards old regimes and their economic repression gradually results in the uprising of workers. As the nineteenth century progressed, workers get unified and mobilized to pressure governments for greater representation, free speech and press, and national unity. The industrial revolution inducingShow MoreRelatedTerrorism is not a derogatory moral classification; rather, it is a mode of warfare1600 Words   |  7 PagesTerrorism is not a derogatory moral classification; rather, it is a mode of warfare. Terrorism is a tactic, yet it is a term used derogatorily to describe a certain group of people because of events in the recent past. Because of a sweeping generalizations about those that commit act of terrorism, terrorism has been turned into a â€Å"dirty† word to describe people, instead of the act that the word actually defines. Why do people decide to use terrorism as a derogatory moral classification? What causesRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On The World2278 Words   |  10 Pagesturmoil in societies such as those in the Arabic culture. Misconceptions about Arabic people and their beliefs have originated due to past policies that were implemented upon them, the media perception, and lack of cultural knowledge. The media has popularized several negative attributions and encouraged t he spread of animosity toward Arabs worldwide. Preconceived stereotypical ideas of Arabic cultures can be attributed to the misunderstandings of the Islam religion and the impact of colonization. Read MorePeculiarities of Euphemisms in English and Difficulties in Their Translation19488 Words   |  78 PagesCorrectness 15 II.2. Obscurity, Officialese,Jornalese, Commercialese 20 II.3. Vogue Words 24 II.4. Woolliness 27 II.5. Euphemisms Used in Different Spheres of Our Life 29 CHAPTER III. TRANSLATION OF EUPHEMISMS 34 III.1. Grammatical Difficulties in Translation 34 III.2. Lexical Difficulties in Translation of Euphemisms 36 III.3. Stylistic difficulties in translation of euphemisms 41 III.4. Terrorism and war articles in translation of euphemisms 44 CONCLUSION 54 BIBLIOGRAPHY 57 ANNEXRead MoreNew World Order in Conspiracy Theory13987 Words   |  56 Pagesinaugurating an unrivaled period of people actively preparing for  apocalypticmillenarian  scenarios in the  United States  of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. These political scientists warn that this  mass hysteria  may not only fuel  lone-wolf terrorism  but have devastating effects on American political life,[8]  such as the  far right  wooing the  far left  into joining a revolutionary  Third Position  movement capable of  subverting  the established political powers.[3][9] Contents  [hide] * 1  HistoryRead MoreHistory and Rolls of Law Enforcement in America10094 Words   |  41 Pagesindividuals freedom above all else meant that they wanted police under local scrutiny and control. Our goal here is to look at these conflicting attitudes towards police have produced uniquely American system for policing around the U.S. When the first settlers came to America there were no paid police, communities policed themselves. Public disapproval was one way to keep people in line. Shunning was a tactic a community deliberately refuse to egknowelage or interact with a person who has brokenRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthat a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictable culmination of the long nineteenth century, which was ushered in by the industrial and political revolutions of the late 1700s. But at the same time, without serious attention to the processes and misguided policies that led to decades of agrarian and industrial depression from the late 1860s to the 1890s, as well as the social tensions and politicalRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesPress in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Oxford University Press 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permittedRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagescontrollable, these external factors must be monitored and dealt with since these can potentially cause considerable harm to the organization. Ignoring outside elements also can lead to missed opportunities in the market especially if competitors are the first to take advantage of the opportunities. As part of the strategi c and tactical planning process discussed above it would be wise for marketers to pay close attention to the environment outside the organization. 3.1. EVOLUTION OF MARKETING MANAGEMENT:Read MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pages21st Century, First Edition Benton, Purchasing and Supply Chain Management, Second Edition Bowersox, Closs, and Cooper, Supply Chain Logistics Management, Third Edition Brown and Hyer, Managing Projects: A Team-Based Approach, First Edition Burt, Petcavage, and Pinkerton, Supply Management, Eighth Edition Cachon and Terwiesch, Matching Supply with Demand: An Introduction to Operations Management, Second Edition Finch, Interactive Models for Operations and Supply Chain Management, First Edition FitzsimmonsRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesCompensation Administration 265 Fair Labor Standards Act 265 The Civil Rights and Equal Pay Acts 265 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 283 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 283 Case Application 11: Re-Thinking Compensation at First Merit Bank 283 Working with a Team: Understanding Incentive Plans 283 Learning an HRM Skill: Pay-for-Performance Goal Setting 284 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 284 DID YOU KNOW?: The Minimum Wage Debate 267 Job Evaluation and the Pay Structure

Learning At Soonest Age, By The Age Of Eight Weeks

By the age of eight weeks, toddlers can distinguish between the different sexes coordinating with them. This various quality, in itself, gives adolescents a broader, healthier experience of separating socially coordinated efforts — particularly for kids brought up by emerging sexual introduction. Whether they comprehend it or not, adolescents are learning at soonest age, by total feeling that all sexes are unmistakable and have hybrid systems for overseeing life, other adults, and child. Fathers tend to play with, and moms tend to look after, youngsters. Fathers energize rivalry; moms support value. One style stimulates autonomy while alternate supports security. Both give safety and trust in their strict manners by conveying affection†¦show more content†¦Moms have a tendency to be more illustrating, individual and make use of the power of the tongue. Dads tend to view their child in association with the struggling leftovers of the world. Mums tend to see whatever is left of the world in their youth. Fathers provide an introspection of the World of Men; mothers - of the World of Women. Young women and young fellows that were molded by their dads are more typical and secure with the mysterious universe of men. Young ladies with married dads will most likely have a more cooperative relationship with young fellows and men in adulthood because they pick up from their fathers how wicked men act toward women. They also teach from the mother how to live in a woman s skin. This data amasses emotional security and well-being from the abuse of simple folks. Moms offer young fellows some assistance with comprehending the female world and add to passion towards women. They furthermore cause young fellows know how to behave and communicate with women (Brezis et al., 2015). It is common knowledge that a father in a marriage relationship is fundamentally less slanted to misuse his family members than men in whatever another grouping. This infers young fellows and young ladies with married dads learn, by discernment, how men should treat ladies (Ernst, Piazza-Waggoner, Ciesielski, 2015). In conclusion, parents assume a crucial part in the lives of their kids. This

Kidney Disease And Its Effect On The Human Body - 1295 Words

The kidneys are essential towards the human body; They maintain fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. Also, they excrete waste products, like urine, help control blood pressure, and blood cell production. The nephrons inside the kidneys, responsible for removing waste products, can become damaged. Thus, will be the start of kidney disease. Chronic Kidney Disease is constant nephron damage for several years. In Addition to the damage of the nephrons there’s a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). GFR is a test that measures how well your kidneys are working. One of the major causes of CKD is diabetes and hypertension. (Silberberg, 2015) If CKD progress without the proper medical help, it will result to kidney failure and a transplant or dialysis may be necessary. Along with all other diseases, kidney diseases have a negative effect on metabolism, nutritional status and nutritional requirements. Patients with chronic kidney disease should limit their intake on prot ein, sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus (Dudek., 2014) The purpose of this paper is to discuss the macro and micronutrients important to prevent chronic kidney disease. The goals of nutritional therapy are to make sure that CKD does not progress. Patients with CKD have to rearrange their diet to help monitor their disease. People with non-diabetic CKD should avoid consuming excess protein because it leads to proteinuria. Having protein in your urine means that it skipped through the filtrationShow MoreRelatedThe Causes And Treatment Of Dialysis1280 Words   |  6 PagesBeing one of the eight leading causes of death in the United States, kidney disease is very life threatening. Many people carry on day-to-day routines with no knowledge of the signs to be aware of when developing kidney failure. The two main causes of kidney failure are high blood pressure and diabetes. For people with kidney failure, options for treatment become dialysis or to receive a kidney transplant. Since the process for a kidney transplant could take years, many people choose to receive dialysisRead MoreTenapor and Sodium Intake1218 Words   |  5 PagesThese levels are abov e the upper limit that is considered to have no adverse effects on our bodies. The CDC lists heart disease as the most common cause of death for Americans, as well as kidney disease at number nine on the top ten causes of death. These are conditions that can be exacerbated by high sodium levels. Not only that, but high blood pressure affects nearly 1/3 of Americans and chronic kidney disease effects about 10% of the population. These are conditions in which reduced sodium inRead MoreRENAL SYSTEM Essay examples1082 Words   |  5 Pagesindicating a possible kidney problem. The pre renal stages of acute renal failure are preexisting conditions such as; diabetes, hypertension, and other cardio pulmonary diseases leading to complications that are indicated by the preceding markers. Intra-Renal From what my research has shown the human body has two main organs in charge of the disposal of waste in the body, the lungs and the kidney. The lungs in the respirations process taking in the necessary oxygen our bodies need and expellingRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of A Kidney Disease1321 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribed pain in his back between the twelfth rib and lumbar vertebrae, which is the site to which the kidney is located; therefore it is possible that the patient suffered from a form of kidney disease. Upon urinalysis, it was found that the patient was suffering from haematuria. Haematuria typically results from an inability to filter urea, suggesting the patient was suffering from an infection to the kidney that inhibited its ability to filter urea which is symptomatic of swelling in the glomeruli. TheRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Hypertension1579 Words   |  7 Pagesdeadly problem to a treatable disease. Hypertension, like all other known diseases, could not be treated until it was known to be a threat. Until it was discovered that abnormally high blood pressures caused problems like stroke, heart attack, and kidney problems, a treatment could not have been found. However, despite the discovery of the consequences of hypertension, medicines could not be created until scientists had a better understanding of the issue at hand. The body naturally has lines of defenseRead MoreDiabetes : A Growing Issue1149 Words   |  5 PagesDiabetes mellitus has been a growing issue in the United States. Type 2 diabetes has been in the spotlight due to the rapidly increasing numbers of obese Americans. Many people suffering from type 2 diabetes can control or overcome the disease by adopting a healthier lifestyle. Unfortunately, not all diabetics can correct or prevent the problem with better diet and exercise. Type 1 diabetes can affect anyone; including people with a healthy lifestyle. At this ti me, there is no known cure for TypeRead MoreEssay on Chronic Renal Failure830 Words   |  4 Pages Every human body contains one pair of kidneys. They are situated towards the back of the body under the ribs, just at the level of the waist, with one on each side of the body. Each kidney is composed of about one million units called nephrons, and each nephron consists of two parts: a filter, called the glomerulus and a tubule leading out from the nephrons (Cameron 1999). According to Marshall and Bangert (2008), the kidneys have three major functions: firstly, the kidneys excrete wasteRead MoreWhat Is Leptospirosis Infection?875 Words   |  4 Pagesis one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases, infecting both domestic and wild animals. It is acquired through the bacteria burrowing into the cat s skin. The disease enters the skin and then reproduces in the kidneys, central nervous system, eyes, liver and reproductive system via the bloodstream. Though many cat s immune systems are able to quickly produce antibodies and fight off leptospirosis, the condition can cause severe organ damage in the kidneys and liver. Leptospirosis is a relativelyRead MoreIs Escherichia Coli Bacteria?1746 Words   |  7 Pagesthe kidneys. The bacterium becomes attached by fimbriae to the epithelium tissue in the body then it causes inflammation of those affected cells. All people are at risk of contracting the E. coli disease but some are at a higher risk than others. A person is at risk when they swallow the bacteria through food or water that is infected with the E. coli bacterium. Eating meat that is undercooked or consuming unpasteurized milk and raw milk products can also put a person at risk for the disease (LimRead MoreLand Eva Unit 4 Assignment Essay666 Words   |  3 PagesComplexity of the Kidney Land, E. Kaplan University SC235: General Biology 1: Human Perspectives Prof Lisa Nelson The Complexity of the Kidney Kidneys are complex organs that are very important when it comes to the many functions to help maintain the health of the body. This includes the maturation of the red blood cells, regulation of blood pressure as well as secretion of hormones. The Secondary functions of the filtration effect the controlling of the acid base balance in the body, and maintaining

Augustine Of Hippo ( 354-430 ) - 1464 Words

Augustine of Hippo (354-430) was a North African man who took an extremely tumultuous path to sainthood. In his early years, he led a crazy and immoral lifestyle. A driven professor of rhetoric, Augustine’s had lofty worldly goals and a weak sense of conscience. His intense drive to be successful would later create a major problem for him when trying to fully give his life to God. At an early age, Augustine began thinking his mother’s strong sense of Christianity was too uneducated for him. Because he was used to his scholarly readings, he found the Bible to be written in an extremely unsophisticated way. This, along with questions behind the truth of the Old Testament, led him to convert to Manichaean beliefs as a young man.†¦show more content†¦Because of his dealings with Faustus, Augustine learns an important lesson that content is more important than delivery when looking for spiritual truth. During Augustine’s time as a Manichaean, he conver ses with Faustus, a North African sage who is known to be extremely persuasive in Manichaean beliefs. This takes place when Augustine is in Carthage at age twenty-nine. Augustine truly admires his eloquence in speaking, and he â€Å"was delighted by the force and feeling he brought to his discourse† (Confessions V.vi.11). He is also impressed by Faustus’ modesty because of the fact that Faustus will readily admit his lack of knowledge in certain subjects and won’t proceed in an argument or explanation unless he has sufficient knowledge. However, Augustine realizes that this â€Å"lack of training in liberal arts† that Faustus exhibits leads to his inability to sufficiently answer the questions that Augustine has about certain Manichaean beliefs (V.vii.12). Augustine is one of the few people that is able to see through Faustus’ articulate and educated speech and realize that the content is lacking. Because of this, Faustus, â€Å"who had been for many a ‘snare of death’ (Ps. 17:6), without his will or knowledge had begun to loosen the bond by which [Augustine] had been captured† (V.vii.13). Augustine’s conclusion that Faustus’ persuasive power wasn’t rooted in substance but in his eloquent discourse

Disease Control and Prevention Free Essays

string(68) " genetic disease is the common cause of disorder of body chemistry\." In a family which has a history of birth defect cases, it is difficult to accept the truth that your future child has a greater risk of having a birth defect. Prevention of the possible birth defects is the most common advice given to the family by many doctors. The proper and enough absorption of folic acid give many expectant mothers low risk of having babies with birth defects. We will write a custom essay sample on Disease Control and Prevention or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not all birth defects are fatal or untreatable like many parents believe. Many improved medications on birth defects are available and guaranteed to prevent having babies with birth defect. Some are treatment for babies that still in the womb. The most important thing for the treatment is to be able for the mother to understand the risk factors and how she can prevent having a baby with a birth defect. Knowledge about Birth Defects A birth defect is an abnormality of structure, function or metabolism that is present at birth. This abnormality leads to mental or physical disability or can lead to death. Many birth defects are known ranging from minor to serious. They are considered the leading cause of death of many babies in their first year of life. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 120,000 babies are born each year suffering from birth defects in the United States alone. Causes of Birth defects About 60% of the birth defect cases have unknown causes. Environmental and genetic factors are also causes of birth defects (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 352-356). Genetically inherited birth defects occur when one or both parents pass along a defective gene to the child. Genes carry thread-like structures called chromosomes that determine individual characteristics and feature (Millensky, 1989, 201-267). Any faulty or missing gene can cause birth defect. Some of the birth defects can only occur if both parents are carrier of the defect. Even healthy parents can have effective genes and pass this on to their child. This kind of event is called the recessive inheritance. Recessive diseases are more severe than dominant diseases. Some examples of birth defects that are caused by recessive inheritance are sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, phenylketonuria (PKU) and cystic fibrosis (Millensky, 1989, 201-267). If only one parent passes along the recessive gene, the normal gene received from the other parent will prevent the disease. However, that child will be a carrier of the disease. The carrier of the disease has a 25% chance to have the disease if the other parent is also a carrier. Birth defects, such as Down syndrome, can also be caused by too many chromosomes or damaged chromosomes. Babies with Down syndrome have varying level of mental retardation and heart defects. On the other hand, environmental causes of birth defects include poor prenatal care, exposure to chemicals or radiation and use of drugs and alcoholic drinks during pregnancy. Any substance that can cause any abnormal development is termed â€Å"teratogen’ (Benneth, 2006, 217-230). Certain infections can result in birth defects when the woman deals with it during her pregnancy. About 40,000 babies a year are born with a viral infection known as cytomegalovirus (CMV) (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 352-356). These babies develop serious disabilities including mental retardation and loss of vision and hearing. Some of the other infections that can cause birth defects include syphilis, toxoplasmosis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis and parvovirus (Benneth, 2006, 217-230). In unusual cases, having a chicken pox during pregnancy can also cause birth defect. Much absorption of alcohol during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol syndrome. This syndrome includes mental retardation, low birth weight and heart problems. If alcohol has severe cause, so is the improper use of drugs. Drugs that can cause birth defects include tetracycline, sulfa drugs, hormone supplements and recreational drugs such as cocaine and LSD. Some birth defects, such as neural tube defects and cleft lip and palate are considered multifactorial birth defects which are caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Other causes of birth defects are Rh disease. This disease is the incompatibility of the mother’s and baby’s positive and negative blood factors (3). Common Birth Defects The most common defects in the United States are the Cleft lip or palate and Down syndrome. Each year, about 6,800 and 5,500 babies are born with cleft lip/ palate and Down syndrome respectively (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 352-356). Effects of cleft lip/ palate include problems in eating, speech and language. Cleft lip/ palate are not dangerous and surgical repair of the cleft can be done when the child reach the right age and size and is in good health to tolerate surgery. The most common problem encountered by children with clefts is hear infections. The cleft allows fluid and germs to enter the ears more easily that normal that causes the infections in the ear. The occurrence of cleft lip/ palate can also cause more cavities leading to dental problems, thus, dental checkup is recommended by doctors. Moreover, statistics show that about 1,900 babies are born with a serious heart defect called transposition of the great arteries each year (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 352-356). Though advances in surgery developed the outlook for affected babies, heart defects still remain as the leading cause of birth defect infant deaths (Martin, 619-622). Doctors and many experts can not explain the real causes of abnormality in the heart, although both genetic and environmental factors are considered. Another defect that is caused by both genetic and environmental factors (including insufficient amount of folic acid) is the Spina Bifida or open spine. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 1,300 cases occur each year. Other common birth defects include musculoskeletal defect (arm and leg defect), gastrointestinal defects, and eye defects (). Martin, 619-622 Birth Defect of Body Chemistry Birth defects of body chemistry are not visible, but they can be harmful and worst, fatal. In 2002, about 3,000 babies were born with defects affecting body chemistry. A recessive genetic disease is the common cause of disorder of body chemistry. You read "Disease Control and Prevention" in category "Papers" The inability of cells to produce enzymes or proteins that are needed to carry substance from one place to another to change certain chemicals to another is the main cause of this disease. An example is Tay – Sachs disease. Affected babies lack an enzyme needed to break down certain fatty substances in the brain cells. These fatty substances destroy brain cells that may result to blindness, paralysis and even death at the age of 5. Another example is phenylketonuria (PKU). In this disease, the baby cannot process a part of protein which builds up and damage the brain. Birth Defect Testing There are two types of testing available in many hospitals and health centers to look for possible occurrence of birth defects. The first one is the screening test, which is able to look whether the baby is likely to have birth defects. If the screen test is positive, the second teat which is the diagnostic test should be performed. The rule of the diagnostic test is to confirm or rule out the possible problem that was detected by the screen test. Screening tests The processes involve in performing screen test that looks for Down syndrome are the nuchal fold ultrasound and a blood test. The ultrasound test uses sound waves to measure the thickness of the fetus’ neck while the blood test is intended to measure the levels of beta-hCG and a protein called pregnancy- associated plasma protein. Another screening test that is done between 15-20 weeks of pregnancy is the maternal serum triple or quadruple screening test. These tests check the amounts of three or four substances in a pregnant woman’s blood. Estimation of the chance of the fetus to have Down syndrome or other health problems is done after these blood tests. The quad screen on the other hand, check the substances (alpha-fetoprotein, and unconjugated estriol) and the level of hormone inhibin A. The doctors estimate the tendency of a woman to have a child with birth defects or other health problems through the data provided by the tests along with the age of the woman and other certain factors. Ultrasound on the other hand is a test that shows the development of the baby. This is usually done during the 18th and 20th week of pregnancy. Ultrasound can be used to screen some chromosomes with problems and find structural problems of the heart, spine, abdomen and other parts of the body. Diagnostic test Doctors usually used Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) to look at cells in the placenta. In this test, a sample of chorionic villus cells is collected by putting a small tool into the uterus through the vagina or by putting a needle through the belly into the uterus. This test can find many family diseases such as hemophilia and sickle cell disease. Another test under diagnostic is Amniocentesis which looks for many chromosomal problems by looking at the cells in the amniotic fluid. This test can find neural tube defects such as Spina bifida. Newly- born babies can also be tested, with the permission of the parents, for possible birth defects. Usually, all states perform PKU and congenital hypothyroidism on all the babies. The tandem mass spectroscopy is a new technique used by many state to newborn babies. This technique provides many features that screens for many disorders of metabolism on a small blood sample. Prevention There are many ways of reducing the risk of a woman having a baby with birth defect. These ways should be remember and should be take into consideration by many women who wants to have a healthy with no physical or mental defects. One important thing to remember is the preconception visit with the health care provider. The health provider identifies the health conditions, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, which may cause risk in pregnancy. The provider can advice on lifestyle factors, such as quitting smoking and alcohol drinking that can cause risk in pregnancy. The medication intake of the woman is also check by the health provider to make sure that the medication is safe to pregnancy. The visit to health providers is crucial to women with chronic health problems, such as diabetes and high blood pressure. A great example is the woman which have diabetes has more likely to have a baby with birth defect compare to the woman who is not diabetic. Controlling the blood sugar levels of the woman starting before pregnancy can give low risk of having a baby with serious birth defects (11). This advice can be provided by the health care providers. Another thing that can be done by the health provider during the preconception visit is to see whether the vaccinations of the woman are up to date. If the woman has no vaccines against chickenpox and rubella, she has to be vaccinated before pregnancy. In this way, possible risk of birth defect can be lower against woman with no vaccines. Vaccinated woman should wait for a month after being vaccinated before trying to become pregnant. All women should also know their health history including that of their partner and their family. With this, the provider can identify risk factors for inherited genetic conditions. The usual thing that the provider does when this case occurs is to refer the couples to genetic counselor that can explain the risk of birth defects and provide them assistance in conducting proper tests. Pregnant woman or woman who is planning to get pregnant should avoid any alcohol absorption, smoking and intake of drugs. The woman should not take any medication over the counter without making sure that this medication is safe for pregnant women. All women who could become pregnant should take a daily multivitamins containing folic acid. Studies show that proper intake of folic acid during early pregnancy will provide low risk of having a baby with neural tube defects (Spina bifida). Folic Acid to Prevent Birth Defects Folic acid is a synthetic form of folate which is a b vitamin found in a variety of foods. Folate is needed both before and in the first weeks of pregnancy and can help reduce the risk of having babies with common birth defects such as neural tube defects, which affect the brain and spinal cord. Neural tube defects can occur in an embryo before a woman realizes she is pregnant. This is the reason why it is important for all women age 15 to 45 to include folate in their balanced diet. With this, women who will get pregnant reduce their risk of having a baby with defect of the brain or spinal cord. New technologies were developed to include folate in many food supplements. The Food and Drug Administration requires food manufacturers to fortify enriched grain products with folic acid. In this way, women can get sufficient amount of folic acid even in breads and fortified grains such as enriched pasta, rice, waffles and cereal bars. Other ways for pregnant women to have sufficient amount of folic acid are as follows: 1) Eat fruits, dark-green leafy vegetables, dried beans and peas, and other foods that are natural sources of folate, 2) Eat folic acid-fortified enriched cereal grain products and breakfast cereals, 3) Take a food supplement containing folic acid. Nutrition information indicated on the labels of many food and dietary supplements can guide many women in identifying the amount of folic acid they are obtaining. Neural Tube Birth Defects The technical names of the two major neural tube birth defects reduced by adequate folate intake are anencephaly and Spina bifida. With proper medical treatment, most babies born with Spina bifida can survive to adulthood. But they may require leg braces, crutches, and other devices to help them walk. Other maternal factors also may contribute to the development of neural tube defects. Among these include the following: 1) use of certain ant seizure medications, 2) severe overweight, 3) family history of neural tube defects, 4) prior neural tube defect-affected pregnancy, 5) fever during early pregnancy and 6) diabetes. Studies about Folate In the 1950’s, scientist first suggested a connection between neural tube birth defects and diet. This incidence has always been higher in low socioeconomic groups in which women may have poorer diets. Another study looked at folic acid intake in Hungarian women. The evidence indicated that mothers who had never given birth to babies with neural tube defects and who took a multivitamin and mineral supplement with folic acid had less risk in subsequent pregnancies for having babies with neural tube defects than women given a placebo. Another study conducted by the U. S. Public health service in September 1992 resulted to a data that shows that all women of childbearing age capable of becoming pregnant consume 0. 4 mg of folate daily to reduce the risk of having a pregnancy with Spina bifida. This value corresponds to FDA’s Daily Value for folic acid, which is 400 micrograms for non-pregnant women. On the other hand, the Department of Agriculture said that many women between 19 and 50 consume much less than 400 micrograms of folate a day. Where to obtain Folic Acid Folate occurs naturally in a variety of foods, including liver, dark-green leafy vegetables such as collards, turnip greens, and Romaine lettuce, broccoli and asparagus, citrus fruits and juices. Folate can also be obtained from dietary supplements, such as folic acid tablets and multivitamins with folic acid, and from fortified breakfast cereals. Certain information on food and dietary supplement labels can help women spot foods containing substantial amounts of folate. The exact amount of folic acid is indicated in the label’s nutrition facts panel. Some food and dietary supplement labels may claim that their product has sufficient amount of folic acid that reduce risk of having babies with birth defects. The products that claim this must: 1) provide 10 percent or more of the daily value for folic acid per serving; 2) not contain more than 100 percent of the daily value for vitamins A and D per serving because high intakes of these vitamins are associated with other birth defects; and 3) List on the label’s Nutrition or Supplement facts panel the amount by weight in micrograms. This claim about folate is supported by the studies and statistics have been discussed but these alone will not ensure a healthy baby with no birth defects. Not only folate intake, but genetics is one of the factor that affect the pregnancy and providing risk to have babies with defects. Women have options for reaching the folate intake goal. They can attain this both before and during pregnancy by having a healthy balanced diet. The combination of having proper intake of folic acid will ensure that women have low risk of having babies with birth defects. References American Academy of Pediatrics. Cytomegalovirus, in Pickering, L. K. (ed. ), Red Book: 2003 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 26th edition. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 259-262. Benneth, K. A. Fetal Surgery for Myelomeningocele, In Wyszynski. Neural Tube Defects from Origin to Treatment. New York City, Oxford University Press, 2006, 217-230. Birth Defects. Retrieved May 18, 2008, from http://www. medicinenet. com/birth_defects/article. htm Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Spina bifida and Anencephaly Before and after Folic Acid Mandate, 1995-1996. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, volume 53, number 17, 362-365. Children , Youth and Women’s Health Service. Alcohol- Effects on Unborn Children. Retrieved May 20, 2008, from http://www. cyh. com/HealthTopics/HealthTopicDetails. aspx? p=114np=122id=1950 Department of Human Service. Birth Defects in Victoria in 2003 and 2004. Retrieved May 18, 2008, from http://www. betterhealth. vic. gov. au/bhcv2/bhcarticles. nsf/pages/Birth_defects_in_Victoria_2003_to_2004 Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Diseases Control and Prevention. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Diseases. Retrieved May 20, 2008, from http://www. cdc. gov/ncbddd/fas/fasask. htm Martin, J. A. , et al. Annual Summary of Vital Statistic. Pediatrics, Volime115, number 3, 619-634. Millensky, Aubrey. (1989). Genetic Disorders and the Fetus. 3rd edition, 201-267. New York: Plenum Press. (1995)Tropical Pediatrics and Environmental Child Health, Vol. 23, number 1, 4-10. How to cite Disease Control and Prevention, Papers

Alger Hiss Trial free essay sample

Rumors had circulated about hiss since 1 939 when chambers at the urging of anti Stalinist crusader Isaac don Levine accused hiss of having to belong to an underground ND comma NIST cell. Hoover put a wiretap on hisss home phone and had his wife investigated and tailed for two years. Hiss protested his innocence and insisted on appearing before Hugh himself. He denied ever being part of the communist party. It then became a war of wars and Nixon was voted in to determine who was lying hiss or chambers. When Chambers called Hiss a communist he filed a defamation suit against him.Chambers retaliated by again calling him a communist and also a spy. He produced a 65 page of notes in Hiss hand writing which also summarized the contents of the state department cables which then became the Baltimore files. Both Chambers and Hiss had denied having committed espionage. By introducing the Baltimore documents, Chambers admitted he had previously lied, opening both Hiss and himself to perjury charges. We will write a custom essay sample on Alger Hiss Trial or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Chambers also gave a new date for his own break with the Communist Party, an important point in his accusations against Hiss. For over nine years, beginning September 1, 1939, he had claimed to have quit the party in 1937. Chambers now began to claim the actual date was sometime in early March 1 938, the year of the Baltimore documents. Trial: The grand jury charged Hiss with two counts of perjury but did not indict IM on espionage since his statute of limitations ran out. Chambers was never convicted of a crime. Hiss went to trial twice his first trial started on May 31, 1 949, and ended in a hung jury on July 7.Chambers admitted on the witness stand that he had previously committed perjury several times while he was under oath, including deliberately falsifying key dates in his story. At both trials, a key to the prosecutions case was testimony from expert witnesses, stating that identifying characteristics of the typed Baltimore documents matched samples typed on a typewriter owned by the Hisses at the time of his alleged espionage work with Chambers. The prosecution also presented as evidence the typewriter itself. Given away years earlier, defense investigators had located it.This trial resulted in an eight-to-four deadlocked jury. That, according to one of Hisss friends and lawyers, Helen Butteries, was the only time that she had ever seen Alger shocked-?stunned by the fact that eight of his fellow citizens did not believe him. In the second trial, Heed Massing, an Austrian-born confessed Soviet spy who was being threatened with deportation, and whom the first judge had not permitted to testify, provided some slight corroboration of Chambers story. She recounted meeting Hiss at a party in 1935.Massing also described how Hiss had tried to recruit Noel Field, another Soviet spy at State, to switch from Minings ring to his own. This time the jury found Hiss guilty. According to Anthony Summers, Hiss spoke only two sentences in court after he had been found guilty. The first was to thank the judge. The second was to assert that one day in the future it would be disclosed how forgery by typewriter had been committed. Hiss was sentenced to five years in jail. He only served 3 years and 8 months, in prison he acted as a voluntary attorney, advisor and tutor to his inmates.

Metternich The Leader Essay Example For Students

Metternich The Leader Essay Word Count: 1182Prince Klemens von Metternich: His Ideology, his Role in History, and the Stories we Tell. Metternich was an extremely intelligent man who turned his conservative beliefs into international policy. Metternich was a confident leader who put little faith in popular opinion or sentiment because he believed that the common man was too fickle in his loyalties and too inept to understand the magnitude of foreign policy. He was a loyal servant to the Austrian Emperor, even though Metternich was the true head of the Empires government.Prince Klemens von Metternich was a complex individual that embodied the principles of 19th century conservatism and, through his Congress of Vienna, led the major European powers to a period of long-lasting peace and a strong balance of power. Metternich is well known for the Metternich System, which was put into practice during his most notable success, the Congress of Vienna of 1815. Metternich, additionally, was the guiding spirit of the international congresses, Aachen, Carlsbad, Troppau, Laibach, and Verona and was the chief statesman of the Holy Alliance. The Congress of Vienna, though, and the agreements that followed were the basis for, no war involving several powers until the Crimean conflicts of the 1850s and no major war embroiling the whole of Europe until 1914.Metternichs goal, however, was not a peaceful Europe for the sake of peace, but for the preservation of the Austrian Empire who was threatened by possible aggressors on all sides, as well as, his personal loathing for liberalism and revolutionary behavior. Moreover, the Congress of Vienna gave Metternich the opportunity to instill his values of conservatism into the other leaders of Europe in a time when liberalism and revolution were the predominant po litical trends. Even though Metternich was a firm believer in the conservative values of his time, he worked to spread those ideas in 1815 for the more pragmatic reason of balancing power in the European Concert rather than for abstract ideologies. In the time following the Congress of Vienna, Metternichs amazing negotiations balanced the tendencies of an expanding Russia, with the isolationist mentality of Great Britain, as well as dealing with Prussian supremacy in the German confederation and maintaining Bourbon satisfaction with the status quo. The fact that he was able to do all this gave justification to the fact that, Metternich remarked near the end of his life that historians would judge him more fairly than his contemporaries, and his prophecy has proven uncannily accurate.This shows that even though others may not have revered him in the 19th century (even though he revered himself) he was a leader whose attributes have stood the test of time and whose abilities have received praise in the history books. Metternich embodied leadership that surpassed his colleagues and was more prevalent than the most powerful leaders that came after him. Moreover, history remembers Metternichs ability to put personal differences aside for the common good, a lesson often forgotten in the aftermath of war. There was a kind of immovable certainty about his own intentions, but he was never so foolish as to think that his acts were infallible. Nor did he display any sort of vindictiveness for his enemies and opponents-he was too much the politician for that.Because of these abilities to see beyond his own mortality, Metternichs leadership is manifested through his system of appeasement over harsh reparation. For example, his attitudes towards Talleyrand-treating him like an equal at Vienna-the group was able to come up with a compromised, fair, and balanced settlement. These leadership characteristics would be absent from the Versailles talks at the end of the First World War, but would reappear almost a century and a half later at the end of the Second. The Metternich System came with a price, however; it relied on, political and religious censorship, espionage, and the suppression of revolutionary and nationalist movements.Nevertheless, the ability for Metternich to see beyond his time, combined with his willingness to be an example of his rhetoric, made him a world leader whose abilities were evident by the hundred years of wide scale peace after his Congress of Vienna. .u3cc6a6c83d3295930ccfc1b95a1ba183 , .u3cc6a6c83d3295930ccfc1b95a1ba183 .postImageUrl , .u3cc6a6c83d3295930ccfc1b95a1ba183 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3cc6a6c83d3295930ccfc1b95a1ba183 , .u3cc6a6c83d3295930ccfc1b95a1ba183:hover , .u3cc6a6c83d3295930ccfc1b95a1ba183:visited , .u3cc6a6c83d3295930ccfc1b95a1ba183:active { border:0!important; } .u3cc6a6c83d3295930ccfc1b95a1ba183 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3cc6a6c83d3295930ccfc1b95a1ba183 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3cc6a6c83d3295930ccfc1b95a1ba183:active , .u3cc6a6c83d3295930ccfc1b95a1ba183:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3cc6a6c83d3295930ccfc1b95a1ba183 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3cc6a6c83d3295930ccfc1b95a1ba183 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3cc6a6c83d3295930ccfc1b95a1ba183 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3cc6a6c83d3295930ccfc1b95a1ba183 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3cc6a6c83d3295930ccfc1b95a1ba183:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3cc6a6c83d3295930ccfc1b95a1ba183 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3cc6a6c83d3295930ccfc1b95a1ba183 .u3cc6a6c83d3295930ccfc1b95a1ba183-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3cc6a6c83d3295930ccfc1b95a1ba183:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Critique Of Tuesdays With Morrie EssayThe stories that are told of Metternich are usually those of a harsh ruler who believed